Air Force Senior Statesmen Make the Case for E-7, F-35, and Air Superiority

July 10, 2025 | By John A. Tirpak

The E-7 Wedgetail early warning and control aircraft isn’t as vulnerable as the Pentagon has made it out to be, and a space-based alternative is neither at hand nor as secure as some have argued, a panel of retired Air Force senior statesmen said in a June 10 call with reporters.

Earlier this week, 16 retired Air Force four-stars, including six former Chiefs of Staff, sent a letter to Congress urging lawmakers to rescue the E-7 from its planned cancelation and significantly increase the purchase of F-35 fighters. Eight of the letter-signers joined the press call, arguing that air superiority can be preserved with enough investment, so long as a greater share of the defense budget migrate to the Air Force to correct a decadeslong decline in capability.

E-7

Pentagon officials have said the E-7 was canceled because it is vulnerable to long-range missiles deployed by China, among others, and that the U.S. will instead focus on a space-based capability for air- and ground-moving target indication.

But a space alternative is not available yet, said Gen. Kevin Chilton, former head of Air Force Space Command and U.S. Strategic Command. What’s more, “we have to remember that the space domain today is … arguably more vulnerable than any other domains,” he asserted.

There are three layers to military space, Chilton said: a sensor layer, a kill chain or engagement layer, and a communication layer. Right now, “all we are doing is beginning to experiment with the communication layer.” Though “we have visions for ubiquitous, large numbers of satellites” doing reconnaissance and surveillance of all manner of things, these have yet to be proved out in real-world operations, he said.

“Now we’re saying we’re going to throw AMTI into space. Well, maybe we will one day, but the challenges there are quite difficult,” Chilton said. Combat pilots need to know enemy aircraft position, velocity and direction and altitude, “and that’s a lot tougher mission than GMTI.”

Moreover, “the entire low-Earth orbit constellation that we’re looking at putting up sure is vulnerable to a nuclear detonation in space, which is why we’re so concerned,” Chilton said. Russia may be testing such capabilities, “and it’s just not prudent to have all your eggs in one basket.” An air element is a necessary redundancy to any space system, he argued.

Other generals also noted that migrating the AMTI/GMTI function to space doesn’t do anything to address the need for air battle management, which is another of the E-7’s missions.

Former Chief of Staff Gen. T. Michael Moseley said the migration of AMTI/GMTI to space was heavily discussed 20 years ago. Technology was the obstacle then, but now it’s the threat of adversary action.

“When you look at what’s happening now, the assets in orbit … are extremely vulnerable,” he said. Two decades ago, space was a “free game” without threats; now, it’s “a contested combat arena” and right now, there’s “an inability to protect” satellites.

Moseley also noted that in his experience as a one-time Combat Force Air Component Commander, “I’d prefer to have the theater assets under theater control.”

Gen. John Loh, who was both a Vice Chief of Staff and head of Air Combat Command, said that attempting to achieve the AMTI/GMTI mission by disaggregating the elements onto other platforms—integrating data collected by fighters, drones, and satellites, then using that to perform the mission, rather than on an ISR battleship like the E-7, is also not possible yet.

“There may be aggregation in the future,” Loh said. “But we’re talking about something we need to do today.

Lt. Gen. Dave Deptula, the first deputy chief of staff for ISR, also noted that “just passing raw sensor data, whether it’s coming from space or … a handful of E-2s, doesn’t manifest effective command and control the actual mission.” Air battle management, he said, “requires highly trained personnel to be able to interpret that data and then correlate it into action in accordance with the operational and tactical objectives.”

The growing of effective air battle managers is “very highly complex; it takes years of training and realistic practice to execute.” But the space-based AMTI concepts “have yet to define where and how air battle managers integrate into this overarching mission.”

Loh also noted that the Air Force has been struggling to make Joint All-Domain Command and Control concept work for years now with limited success, and there’s no reason to think space-based AMTI will “be worked out” any faster.

Air Superiority

The generals on the call didn’t offer an opinion about whether the Air Force’s long-term goal of buying 72 new fighters per year should be higher or lower, but Loh noted that “quantity counts, and we pay too much attention to the quality of individual aircraft and not enough attention on quantity.” He called the 72 figure “a minimum number” to address the stresses the Air Force faces.

Gen. Herbert J. “Hawk” Carlisle, former head of Air Combat Command, said the 72 benchmark “is important,” but it is more vital to drop the “divest to invest” strategy of retiring aircraft that could still be useful to pay for the development of new ones.

When aircraft are divested, though the money to operate them is “supposed to stay,” it doesn’t, Carlisle said. As a result, the Air Force winds up retiring more aircraft than it buys.

“We can’t continue to go down the strategy of divest to invest, because … it hasn’t worked, and in fact, it’s left us a gap, and now we’re in this death spiral. We’re going to have to do something pretty dramatic to get out of it. We can’t sustain [that] anymore. We’ve got to do something different,” he said.

Former Chief of Staff Gen. Ronald R. Fogleman agreed that “divest to invest … has never worked,” and the Air Force should instead argue for an adequate share of the budget to provide air superiority for the entire joint force.

“The real thing that the Air Force brings to the to the fight is air superiority. … If you don’t have air superiority, you’re not going to deter somebody, and certainly you’re not going to win a war,” Fogleman said. “And without air superiority, both our naval and our land forces are going to either be a lot less successful, or they are going to be they’re going to pay a very high price.”

While Fogleman cheered the proposal of a $1 trillion defense budget, he argued against it being “salami-sliced the way it has been in the past,” with one third going to each of the large services.

He insisted that the Air Force needs “more money, and we need a redistribution” of Pentagon funding.

“I know that it is not stylish in Washington, D.C. to attack your fellow services,” he said, but it will be the Navy and Air Force that would have to fight a Pacific war, and the extra money needed to do it should “come from, unfortunately, land forces.”

F-35

Gen. Philip M. Breedlove, former Supreme Allied Commander Europe, said the F-35 should be a priority because it is the most advanced U.S. fighter coming off the production line now and is the best way to answer the “fight tonight” requirement.

The Lockheed-built plane answers both short-term and long-term capability requirements, “and allows us … to address our shortfall in tails,” he said.

“And oh, by the way, it is performing out there,” in action in Syria and Iran, Breedlove said. “It is showing it can make a huge impact to conflicts already on the ground. So I think in a readiness sense, if we need to fix a problem that has been identified here by very smart people, the F-35 line that’s producing is something we should look to.”

While the F-35 has brought success for the U.S. and its allies, Breedlove noted that Russia has failed to achieve air superiority over Ukraine.

“You just need to look at what the Israelis did in Iran … as opposed to how Russia, without the ability, how that works for them. So we don’t want to end up having to fight a war that is not enabled fully by our style of Western airpower and air superiority.”

Moseley noted that “all of us on this screen at one time preached” that the F-35 and F-22 would replace older airframes. “And look, here we are, 20 years down the road, and we still haven’t been able to replace these airplanes.” He said it’s “time to get rid of the old stuff” and replace it with F-35s.

The F-35 is being bought by allies in large numbers and is interoperable, Moseley said, and the Air Force should be provided with the resources to give the fighter a new engine and increase its lethality, not forced to cut back on it.

“Why wouldn’t we want to continue to build that airplane … in larger numbers? Why wouldn’t we consider modernization of it, like a new engine? It gives us more power, more range, etc, and cooperation with our allies.”

Deptula noted that the letter signed by the generals is not arguing for anything “that hasn’t been in the Air Force program of record” for quite some time.

STARCOM ‘on a Good Path’ to Build Up New Training Environment

July 10, 2025 | By Greg Hadley

Space Training and Readiness Command is “on a good path” to develop a digital training environment where Guardians at different locations can train against realistic threats, perhaps as soon as the next year or two, according to outgoing commander Maj. Gen. Timothy A. Sejba.

Meanwhile, a more advanced high-end training environment is “still several years off,” Sejba said at a July 10 event hosted by AFA’s Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies.

The two training environments are foundational pieces in STARCOM’s Operational Test and Training Infrastructure initiative. Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman has prioritized OTTI and Sejba has acknowledged the complexity of building systems comparable to those the Air Force took decades to develop.

The first training environment, dubbed SWARM, builds on the models used for STARCOM’s Space Flag exercises. “That’s kind of an on-[premises] capability today, but we’re quickly building out not only the threats—the red threat that we need to represent—but also all of the blue systems that are coming online over the next several years,” Sejba said. “We are putting those all into a digital fashion so that the crews can actually execute. But then we’re quickly moving it to the cloud so we can get to a distributed training capability.”

The goal is to have SWARM ready by the end of the year. “We’re absolutely on path for that,” Sejba said.

Transitioning the system into the cloud, so it is accessible anyplace Guardians might be stationed, will follow “in the next year to two years after that,” he added.

“We’ve been doing everything we possibly can to move that as far to the left as possible, knowing how critical that capability is,” Sejba said. “With the right funding and the amounts of industry focus, we know that we can deliver fairly quickly on some of these things.”

Sejba and his senior enlisted leader, Chief Master Sgt. Karmann-Monique Pogue, said the Space Force urgently needs that distributed capability, as the Space Force’s new force generation model breaks down operational periods so that Guardians set aside time to train for advanced threats.

“This is a huge undertaking … the culture shift in working cross-Delta, across crews to understand how we partner together,” Pogue said.

Longer term, the Space Force envisions developing a high-end training environment, like the Joint Simulation Environment developed by the Air Force and Navy for advanced fighters. “We’ve made some hard trades to get after this advanced training piece,” Sejba said. “I think we’re still several years off before probably having a real JSE-type environment.”

JSE uses digital models and a physics based environment to generate realistic threats and responses, providing lifelike realism in how U.S., allied, and rival weapons interact. The Air Force and Navy have invested billions to make it possible. Sejba said the Space Force needs a similar capability “sooner rather than later.”

Move to Florida

STARCOM intends to tap academia and industry to help develop those capabilities as it relocates to its permanent home at Patrick Space Force Base, Fla. Located not far from Orlando, an international simulation industry hub, Patrick was selected two years ago to be STARCOM’s home in part because of the local training expertise, Sejba said.

Examples include the National Center for Simulation, the Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation, and game makers like EA Sports. The University of Central Florida offers a masters degree in interactive entertainment, a closely related field.

“All you have to do is look to Orlando as kind of the lead area for all modeling and simulation across the Department of Defense,” Sejba said. “And then certainly the gaming industry has so much that it can provide as we think about how we train Guardians differently than we have in the past.”

Sejba sees training Guardians on the latest advances in gaming and training technology, but building those ties and programs will fall to someone else. Sejba hands off command at STARCOM July 18 to Maj. Gen. James E. Smith before transitioning to a new role, still to be determined, in Washington, D.C.

Eyelash Extensions, Low Boots Nixed in New Air Force Standards

July 10, 2025 | By Greg Hadley

New Air Force appearance standards revealed July 10 ban eyelash extensions for female Airmen, ending a four-year experiment. The new rules also set a clear standard for combat boots and clarify when and how Airmen can roll their shirtsleeves when wearing the operational camouflage pattern uniform.

Guardians are unaffected by the new policies; the Space Force is expected to unveil separate guidance “in the coming weeks.”

The lone exception to the Air Force’s new eyelash rules allows women with certain medical conditions to seek authorization to wear extensions up to 12 millimeters in length.

The Air Force first authorized eyelash extensions in late 2021, requiring extensions to “be female Airman’s natural eyelash color, will not exceed 14 millimeters in total length or touch the member’s eyebrow, and must present a natural appearance.”

An accompanying graphic detailed acceptable and unacceptable examples.

A now-outdated graphic with eyelash extension examples for Airmen

The new eyelash regulations go into effect 30 days after the Air Force officially publishes a new guidance memorandum to Department of the Air Force Instruction 36-2903. It marks the second time this year that the Air Force rolled back cosmetics use for female Airmen, having revised its nail polish policy Feb. 1. That move limited nail polish to only allow “clear or French and American manicure,” which typically consists of white tips and a clear or skin-colored base, disallowing dozens of colors approved just last year.

Boots

A second major change in uniform standards concerns combat boots worn with the OCP utility uniform. The new standard requires boots to rise at least 8 inches but not more than 12 from “the bottom of the heel tread to the top of the back of the boot.”

In the previous instruction, there was no rule on the height of the boot, only on the height of the boots soles, which was up to 2 inches.

The establishment of a minimum boot height closes a loophole that allowed Airmen to wear low-cut boots or even sneakers. The change goes into effect 90 days after the new guidance memo is published.

OCP Regs

Rolling or cuffing of OCP sleeves has been a point of contention over time, and the new rules enable more options. “When sleeves are not rolled up, cuffs may remain visible, or members may fold their sleeves once or twice,” the rule states.

The previous policy required cuffs to remain visible even when the sleeve was rolled, and for the sleeve to remain within one inch of the forearm.

Separately, the new rules also make clear that all officers—even aviators who typically where flight suits—must maintain an OCP uniform “regardless of career field.”

Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force David A. Flosi wrote on Facebook that “this update is based on feedback from our NCOs & the Standards and Readiness Reviews across the force.”

The rules are consistent with Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin’s announcement earlier this year to review and more vigorously enforce dress and appearance standards.

Allvin and other Air Force leaders have said the service needs to renew its focus on standards, arguing that attention to small details is necessary to necessary to ensure Airmen are as ready as possible.

In addition to the new dress and appearance rules, a whole slate of uniform, appearance, and grooming rules went into effect Feb. 1. Leadership has also directed commanders to conduct quarterly “standards and readiness reviews” and is considering changes to the physical fitness test.

SOCOM Halves OA-1K Armed Overwatch Buy for 2026

July 10, 2025 | By Chris Gordon and Greg Hadley

U.S. Special Operations Command is once again slowing its purchases of the new OA-1K Skyraider II multipurpose counterinsurgency plane, as the Pentagon pivots its budget to prepare for a high-end conflict following two decades of wars in the Middle East, officials told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

The command is planning on cutting its fiscal 2026 buy by half, from 12 aircraft to just six. That move follows on a cut in fiscal 2025, from 15 to 12.

The new Air Tractor-based scout planes are designed to conduct light attack, close air support, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions.

“OA-1K aircraft procurement has been reduced due to resource constraints,” U.S. Special Operations Command spokesperson Lt. Cmdr. Kassie Collins told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

The move marks another blow for Armed Overwatch program, which emerged after previous experiments to field a new light attack aircraft for the U.S. military over the past decade floundered.

SOCOM, however, says the program of record—the official requirement for the fleet size—remains 75 aircraft, despite signs over the past few years that the Defense Department wants to scale back the program.

In 2022, SOCOM selected the Sky Warden—an AT-802U cropduster modified for military use by L3Harris—as the winner of the Armed Overwatch program.

The requirement then, as now, was for 75 aircraft, but in the fiscal 2025 budget request, the combatant command detailed plans to cut its purchases over the next several years from 75 down to 62 aircraft. The command also cited money constraints for that move.

According to budget documents, the 2026 buy of six aircraft will result in 45 planes on contract, with deliveries extending into 2028. The command has not detailed future spending plans for fiscal 2027 and beyond.

The OA-1K is designed to replace the U-28 Draco, a modified Pilatus propeller plane, and the MC-12W Liberty, another turboprop, a modified Beachcraft—both of which are used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to support special operations missions. While procured by SOCOM, the new aircraft are controlled by Air Force Special Operations Command.

The OA-1K is designed to be modular, allowing for the swapping of different sensors, communications equipment, and combat payloads

AFSOC has only recently accepted the first operational Skyraiders. The aircraft was initially supposed to be delivered in 2023, but the first operational aircraft arrived at Hurlburt Field, Fla., earlier this year after delays in the program. Eight aircraft have been delivered so far, and six more OK-1A are scheduled to be delivered by the end of 2025, Collins said.

Despite the cut, Air Force Special Operations Command says demand for its assets is not going away.

“Since 2019, demand for your Air Commandos has surged, in some cases even exceeding the peak levels seen during the Global War on Terror,” AFSOC boss Lt. Gen. Michael Conley told the House Armed Services Committee in February. “We commit almost 100 percent of our forces in each deployment cycle. There’s no excess left. In order to do other things, it means trade-offs for what we’re currently tasked to do.”

But a government watchdog organization has questioned whether SOCOM’s money—some $2 billion for the Armed Overwatch program—should be devoted to the OK-1A. The Government Accountability Office released a report in December 2023 that suggested the military needs a “substantially smaller” fleet of aircraft and recommended that the Pentagon slow down the program, arguing that SOCOM had not properly analyzed how the shift in the U.S. military’s footprint should affect the fleet size.

“The Pacific is incredibly important to us. … We get it. But we’ve also got the rest-of-the-world mission that I’m responsible for, as well, and I want to have all the cards I can play to fight wherever they need us to,” Conley said in September 2024. Earlier that month, the GAO released a mostly classified report that said SOCOM “still hasn’t completed the justification” for the reduced buy of 62 aircraft.

While Conley has not endorsed the GAO’s findings, he did acknowledge concerns about the relevance of AFSOC’s platforms over time.

“My concern is that by the time we get a fleet of 50 aircraft of any flavor updated to where they need to be, the technology’s already irrelevant,” Conley said in his HASC testimony in February. “So it’s this constant loop of trying to catch up with the enemy threat. We largely overcome that by training our way out of it to the extent we can through … new tactics and procedures, but that’s only a small piece of what we really need as far as advanced modifications.”

So far, the aircraft remains on track to achieve its scheduled initial operating capability by the end of fiscal 2026, according to SOCOM.

“OA-1K government verification testing, operator training, and tactics development are ongoing with these fielded aircraft. The program is on schedule to support Initial Operational Capability and Full Operational Capability for U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command,” Collins said.

DARPA Picks Bell Textron for New Runway-less Drone X-Plane

July 9, 2025 | By John A. Tirpak

A new drone concept featuring folding props has won out for an experimental new aircraft program run by DARPA.

A Bell Textron drone design prevailed over a competing fan-in-wing offering from Boeing’s Aurora Flight Sciences unit for DARPA’s Speed and Runway-Independent Technologies (SPRINT) project, Bell announced July 9. The X-Plane will demonstrate its capabilities for special operations forces, while also offering the characteristics the Air Force seeks for its Agile Combat Employment model of force dispersion.

The downselect begins Phase 2 of the program, which covers completion of the design, fabrication, ground-testing and certification of the drone, which has not yet been given an X-designation by DARPA.

Flight testing could begin as soon as 2027 or 2028, and DARPA’s fiscal year 2026 budget request includes just over $55 million for the SPRINT project.

The goal of the program is to create an X-plane drone “with the ability to cruise at speeds from 400 to 450 knots at relevant altitudes and hover in austere environments from unprepared surfaces,” DARPA says.

Phase 1A of SPRINT began in late 2023 with several competitors, including Northrop Grumman and Piasecki Aircraft Corp. Aurora’s and Bell’s designs were chosen to move forward into Phase 1B in May, 2024. At that time, a first flight was forecast within 36 months. DARPA had also suggested that two contractors might be continued into Phase 2, but has decided to continue with just the Bell concept.

“In Phase 1A and 1B, Bell completed conceptual and preliminary design efforts for the SPRINT X-plane. Phase 2 includes detailed design and build culminating in flight test during Phase 3,” the company said.

The company demonstrated the entire sequence of rotor operation, rotor feathering, rotor folding, and transition to jet thrust on the Holloman Air Force Base High Speed Test Track. Other risk reduction activities included wind tunnel testing at the National Institute for Aviation Research at Wichita State University, Kans., the company said.

Maj. Gen. Joseph Kunkel, the director of force design, integration, and wargaming at Air Force Futures, said at an event at AFA’s Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies in May that his shop is looking hard at uncrewed aircraft that don’t need a runway to flesh out the Agile Combat Employment model. Under ACE, the Air Force expects to spread its forces across a wide number of bases and austere locations, thereby reducing their vulnerability to precision missile strikes. The concept calls for forces to operate briefly from a location, then likely move to another in order to complicate enemy targeting.

While some portion of the fleet will have to use runways, having aircraft able to take off and land vertically “is something we need to look at” in future iterations of the Collaborative Combat Aircraft program, he said.

“There’s something to a shorter takeoff length,” Kunkel said. “We’ve got to figure out what that takes, because, generally, when you do a vertical takeof … you decrease the payload, you decrease the range. And so there’s a balance that we need to strike.”

Industry sources said they expect the Air Force to pursue uncrewed vertical takeoff and landing aircraft for logistical support of ACE operating locations, as well as for airbase defense and other missions. However, SPRINT does not have an official connection to the Air Force.

Bell is also developing the V-280/MV-75 Valor next-generation assault rotorcraft for the Army; a tiltrotor which is intended to replace the UH-60 Black Hawk series under the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft program. The company is also eyeing the Navy’s Future Vertical Lift program, which it believes could be addressed by a marinized Valor tiltrotor paired with V-247 drones, capable of carrying 1,000 pounds each at more than 300 knots.

The company “has a rich history of breaking barriers and high-speed vertical lift technology development, pioneering innovative VTOL configurations like the X-14, X-22, XV-3 and XV-15 for NASA, the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, and continues to build on the legacy of the Bell X-1,” Bell said in a press release.

DARPA doesn’t develop systems meant to be fielded directly, but helps incubate disruptive technologies for emerging military needs, Rob McHenry, deputy director of the organization, said on a recent Mitchell Institute event.

“DARPA’s job is to be out well ahead of … something we can define to the level of specificity” that can be used to create a requirement, he said.

He also cautioned that not all DARPA programs lead to a military application.

“We are constantly curating our portfolio,” McHenry said. “DARPA is not a place where, once you launched a program, that program is safe to completion. We are constantly reevaluating … what are the maximally disruptive investments that we can make, with the resources that we’re entrusted with.”

A spokesperson for Aurora said that the company “is proud of the advancements we made through SPRINT.”

An artist rendering of Aurora Flight Sciences’ SPRINT drone design.

Aurora “designed a high lift, low drag, fan-in-wing X-plane to enable a transformational combination of aircraft speed and runway independence. Testing conducted during Phase 1 of the SPRINT program validated the feasibility of the design and analytical estimates of aircraft performance.”

While the “specific opportunities” for such an aircraft “are still developing, we do think fan-in-wing technology will be applicable to future high-speed vertical lift platforms and we are looking forward to what’s next,” the spokesperson said.

Air Force Works to Modernize Aging B-52 Simulators

July 9, 2025 | By Matthew Cox

Air Force B-52 program officials are gunning for a budget boost for new simulators that can adequately replicate challenging tasks crew members must perform on real-world bombing missions.

The 2026 base budget request includes $20 million for research and development of the B-52 Mission Employment Trainer, which would upgrade and eventually replace today’s antiquated B-52 Stratofortress crew trainers. The House Appropriations Committee, in its proposed 2026 defense budget, recommended $26.2 million to develop high-fidelity simulators for the B-52H in order to help offset the high cost of live flight training.

Air Force Global Strike Command has been exploring options for Stratofortress simulators since 2022. The B-52 has been in service for 61 years and is expected to remain in service for decades. It remains a critical part of the Air Force’s strategic long-range bombing capability. USAF is investing millions to update the BUFF into a new B-52J configuration, with new engines and new radars. Its goal is to achieve initial operating capability in 2033.

B-52 simulators have not kept up with improvements to the bomber, and today’s 30-year-old simulators at Barksdale Air Force Base, La., are unable to realistically prepare Airmen for key cockpit scenarios before they take their first live flight, said Maj. Linwood Steiner, assistant director of Operation at the 11th Bomb Squadron there.

“At the end of the day, a simulator’s effectiveness as a training tool is directly correlated to the precision with which it mimics the total flying experience,” Steiner told Air & Space Forces Magazine. “In the case of the B-52 [simulator,] its effectiveness as a training tool is very limited when it does not realistically mimic what the actual aircraft is like.”

The 11th Bomb Squadron oversees the nine-month initial qualification course for new B-52 crew members. During the course, students spend about 90 hours in the simulators and an equal amount of hours flying 15 missions in B-52s.

The simulators are still a very effective training tool for weapons system officers and it enables crews to train on procedures for their nuclear mission, Steiner said. It is also a “great place for pilots to be handed situations that are way too dangerous to practice in flight. … You’re able to throw in any emergency procedure that you could ever see. … You can layer emergencies on top of each other, and you can give those emergencies during critical phases of flight, like take off, landing and a low altitude environment.”

But the simulators do not prepare crew for aerial refueling, a critical mission requirement on any long-range flight.

“It’s pretty important for the B-52’s ability to strike targets anywhere in the world within 48 hours,” Steiner said. Refueling is dangerous and it’s a challenge to simulate what it is like to fly “10 feet behind another massive airplane with all of the downdraft associated with aerodynamics. It just becomes a volatile situation.”

Steiner recalled the first time he attempted to refuel in a B-52, a task the former T-38 Talon instructor did not expect to be that challenging.

“I get to the B 52 and everybody’s talking about how hard [aerial refueling] is, and I’m like, just put me behind a tanker,” he recalled. “So I get behind a tanker, and I am flabbergasted at how difficult it is. … I immediately think I’m the worst pilot that’s ever flown.”

The B-52’s wing-mounted spoilers are slow to respond, making it hard to adjust while flying at 400 miles per hour Steiner said. It can take some students 15 flights to become proficient.

In 2022, course officials developed a virtual-reality training device, the Experiential Air Refueling Lightweight Simulator, to familiarize students with refueling the BUFF. Seated in a chair, students don virtual-reality goggles and work with a makeshift yoke and 3-D-printed throttles to practice.

U.S. Air Force Capt. Harrison Daniel, B-52 student pilot, practices operations using the Experiential Air Refueling Lightweight Simulator (EARL)with guidance from Capt. Connor White, a B-52 instructor pilot. U.S. Air Force photo by Gabrielle Terrett

The training device is hardly high-fidelity, but it helps, Steiner said. “So if we have that in a high-fidelity [simulator,] it would be monumental.”

Today’s simulators lack many existing B-52 updates, including communications and navigation equipment and the multifunction cockpit display. These updates were never added to the simulators, diminishing how realistic the training is for modern crews.

Updating simulators cuts down significantly on the number of training flights needed to qualify on an airplane. For example, students “complete their initial qualification [on a B-2 Spirit bomber] in about six flights, whereas on the B-52, it takes 15 flights,” Steiner said. It costs about $88,000 per flight hour to fly the B-52 so each hour saved is significant.

The B-52J will require a whole new simulator when it reaches the fleet in the early 2030s, Steiner said. New engine pylons, new radars, an alldigital backbone and new communications and navigation equipment will each make a difference.

“The changes are so significant that this simulator will not even be able to realistically simulate the actual aircraft at all,” Steiner said.

A spokesman said Air Force Global Strike Command “is currently assessing options to build new, state-of-the-art, simulators; potential courses of action include updating existing simulators or developing new high-fidelity full-motion simulators for pilots and combat systems operators,” according to a a written statement provided by a spokesperson.

Air Force Life Cycle Management Center’s Simulator System Program Office released requests for information to industry for a medium-fidelity, non-motion simulator in 2024 and for the high-fidelity motion simulator in 2025.

High-fidelity, full-motion simulators provide a cockpit scenario that’s identical to the real aircraft, so pilots and crew will feel like they are flying in a B-52, the spokesman said.

“The realism will be especially good for pilots who can train for takeoff, landing, and air refueling in the simulator at a fraction of the cost of flying the aircraft,” the spokesman said.

Medium-fidelity, non-motion simulators have virtualized buttons and switches on touch screens rather than true instrument panels. They are rapidly reconfigurable with very few hardware components. The cockpit software can be reconfigured from a B-52-H to the J model multiple times a day, the spokesman said.

Global Strike Command would not provide specific details on a timeline, but the spokesman said “our requirements have already been sent out to industry for bid. The next step is to decide which company or companies can build the simulators we need, in the timeframe that we need them, and for a cost that is fair to the taxpayer.”

To Steiner, full motion, high-fidelity simulators are desirable but not a must have. Medium fidelity simulators “would give you that highly customizable, more modern, updatable type of a platform that would give us at least something that perfectly mirrors the [B-52’s] equipment and the switchology and software. … We would much rather have that than a hydraulic stand that gives us motion.”

T-7 Completes Climate Tests as Air Force Pushes to Field New Trainer

July 9, 2025 | By Chris Gordon and David Roza

The T-7A Red Hawk next-generation jet trainer underwent a second round of extreme weather testing as the Air Force presses to get the Boeing aircraft into production so it can replace the aging T-38 Talon.

“This new round of tests looked to verify the new aircraft’s sustainability in any operational environment,” reported the 96th Test Wing, which conducted the tests at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., in a release.

The T-7 is in developmental flight testing. Previous climate tests in 2024 saw Boeing and Air Force crews perform system operations and engine runs to assess how well the aircraft fared under high and low temperatures ranging from 110 degrees to minus-25 degrees Fahrenheit.

The latest round of weather tests, concluded June 17 at the McKinley Climatic Lab at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. They included subjecting the T-7 to cockpit icing and 190-mph crosswinds, a spokesperson for Eglin Air Force Base said.

Boeing’s lead engineer for the project said the tests made headway that will facilitate future deliveries. The testing approach “allowed for more effective use of our test time and will expedite delivery to the customer,” said David Neely, the interim program manager and chief engineer for T-7, responding to questions from Air & Space Forces Magazine. “We were able to reduce the test time in the chamber from approximately 2.5 months to about 1.75 months.”

The T-7 is needed more than ever. The T-38 is now 60 years old and increasingly unreliable. Aging T-38 airframes are limited in terms of flying hours and have contributed to the Air Force’s pilot shortfall.

A T-7A Red Hawk sits under bright lights used to create heat in the McKinley Climatic Lab, June 16, 2025, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. U.S. Air Force photo by Matt Veasley

“For this phase, the McKinley Climatic Lab set up an icing spray system and crosswind tunnel. The series of ground tests simulate the flight tests through extremely cold and hot temperatures. This experiment tests whether the pilots have sufficient visibility for flight and landing in extreme temperature conditions,” the wing said in a release.

Neely said Boeing and the Air Force also “evaluated water intrusion modifications.”

The McKinley Climatic Lab is a 55,000-square-foot test chamber where Air Force aircraft go to be tested to extremes.

In January, the Air Force delayed the first production contract by a year until fiscal 2026 and said it would first buy four more production-representative T-7 jets for testing.

“Our goal is to ensure the T-7A Red Hawk is fully capable and ready to perform its mission in representative climates,” said Mike Keltos, the Director of Test & Evaluation for the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Training Directorate. “These extreme weather tests are a critical step in achieving that objective.”

Space Force Adjusts as Commerce Cuts Space Traffic Management Program

July 9, 2025 | By Shaun Waterman

The first Trump administration moved to relieve the Space Force of its burden to monitor and warn civilian space operators about potential space traffic hazards. But now, just as the Commerce Department’s new Traffic Coordination System for Space (TraCSS) program is nearly ready, the second Trump administration is looking to cancel it.

Space Policy Directive 3 issued in June 2018 laid out objectives for the future of space traffic management and commercial space situational awareness, with the idea that a civilian, rather than military, organization should be responsible for advising commercial operators when they are at risk of a collision in space. “In recognition of the need for DoD to focus on maintaining access to and freedom of action in space, a civil agency should, consistent with applicable law, be responsible for the publicly releasable portion of the DoD catalog and for administering an open architecture data repository,” the policy states. “The Department of Commerce should be that civil agency.”

A spokesman for Space Operations Command (SpOC) provided a statement that said the command will “continue to advocate” for the objectives outlined in SPD-3. The TracCSS solution was an answer to that policy direction, and without it, the next steps are unclear.

Commerce zeroed out funding for TracCSS in its fiscal 2026 budget request at a time when the burgeoning number of commercial satellites is making the domain increasingly congested and potentially less safe. The administration argues the private sector should be responsible for tracking satellites and warning operators about potential collisions.

The Space Force has had the de facto mission to manage space traffic for decades, notes Charles Galbreath, a retired Space Force colonel and now senior fellow at the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies. If TracCS goes away now, that mission will fall back to the Space Force at a time when the service’s military mission is already growing.

The Space Force and, before that, the Air Force Space Command, began the road to handing off space traffic management to Commerce and TracCS seven years ago. The objective was a system that relieved the Space Force of the civilian STM mission but that also would be better than existing capabilities.

“TracCS has Space Force data but there are also commercial sources, international sources, and sources from satellite operators,” Galbreath said. “That can all be fed into the algorithms, into a shared database, to do the orbit determination. And the more data you have coming in, the more accurate your orbital determination can be.”

Getting the Space Force out of the business of warning individual operators is key. “This allows our squadrons, both operational and sustainment, to focus more fully on our core mission of exploiting opportunities and mitigating vulnerabilities in the national security space terrain,” the SpOC spokesperson said in an email. “This is especially important as the space domain becomes increasingly contested by our adversaries.”

Shutting down TraCSS would save $55 million annually. Space advocates say that’s a small price to pay for space safety, and complain that doing away with the program will increase the chance of collisions in orbit and undermine America’s leadership role in international space.

A broad industry coalition of seven trade groups representing some 450 space companies are appealing to Congress to reverse the decision to cancel TracCSS. The groups include: The Commercial SSA Coalition, the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), the Satellite Industry Association, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the Commercial Space Federation, the National Security Space Association and the Space Data Association. “The U.S. space industry is very concerned that this move will introduce new risks to our operations and to our businesses,” said Audrey Schaffer, a space industry executive representing the Commercial SSA Coalition, which represents companies that offer space situational awareness services to private sector space operators. It’s notable that even the companies that hope to profit by competing with TraCSS are advocating for it.

SpOC and before it, Air Force Space Command, have long had the job of tracking objects in orbit—including operational and decommissioned satellites, as well as larger orbital debris—and sharing that data for free with commercial space operators. SpOC now tracks 60,000 space objects, according to SpaceTrack.org, the command’s web accessible orbital catalog

The first Trump administration decided in 2018 to move the STM mission to NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is part of the Department of Commerce and already had a regulatory role regarding satellites. TraCSS, the result of that move, began beta testing last year. It has been scheduled to take over the mission fully next year.

The transition would get the Space Force out of “being the Call Center for Space Safety for the whole world,” Schaeffer said.

Without it, Galbreath noted, the mission falls back on the Space Force as “an unfunded mandate.”

The SpOC spokesperson said the command “remains fully committed to the provision of data for the execution of spaceflight safety operations.”

The command will “continue to advocate for the completion of milestones established in support of Space Policy Directive-3 (SPD-3), which is critical to maintaining a safe, secure, and sustainable space environment,” the spokesperson said. SPD-3 is the 2018 policy directive that moved the mission to NOAA.

NOAA’s justification for zeroing out TraCSS in the budget pinned responsibility on the Biden administration, which it said failed to get the program going in time. “Under the prior administration, DOC was unable to complete a government owned and operated public-facing database and traffic coordination system,” the documents state. “In the [intervening] time, private industry has proven that they have the capability and the business model to provide civil operators with SSA data and STM services.”

A NOAA spokesperson referred questions about the cuts to the Office of Management and Budget. OMB did not respond to a request for comment.

But Richard DalBello, who headed the Office of Space Commerce at NOAA during the Biden administration and oversaw the set-up of TraCSS said that conclusion is incorrect.

“That’s the giant gap in the logic of the administration’s proposal,” he said. “They wish into existence this imaginary solution, which is that the commercial SSA operators will just do this, and that somehow magically they will get paid.”

DalBello said commercial providers may want to do this work, but they are not ready to do so. TracCS, meanwhile, is already in beta testing. He noted that the original 2018 SPD-3 policy directive came without funding, and that it was not until 2023 that funding for TraCSS was made available, a year after he joined the department.

“All things being equal, given that we started the program in 2022 ,the fact that we’re in beta already is pretty damn good,” he said.

It will take time for private services operators to develop offerings and satellite operators to determine which capabilities to pay for.

“How are you picking and choosing among all the companies who do SSA?” Delbello asked. “Some are good at observations in low Earth orbit. Others are good at higher orbits. Some don’t do observation at all, but they do really great software and analysis and prediction.”

Also still undecided: What firms can acquire and resell U.S. data. “There are dozens of global companies that can do SSA,” DelBello said.

Steve Jordan Tomaszewski, vice president for space systems at the Aerospace Industries Association, which also signed the letter to Congress, said civilian space situational awareness needs are very different from military requirements for space domain awareness (SDA). Tomaszewski, a two-decade Air Force veteran, who now serves as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Reserve, compared it to the difference between civilian air traffic control and an Air Operations Center. It wouldn’t make sense “if the Air Force got called in to operate every single air traffic control tower in our country,” he said.

He added: “Every time that the military has to take on an additional mission that’s outside of [its] scope, it’s a distraction and it’s taking resources away from the core mission.”

TraCSS “frees up the Department of Defense to focus on space warfighting because they’re no longer doing this very basic space safety mission,” Tomaszewski said.

Madelaine Chang, director of policy at the Satellite Industry Association said TraCSS was also modernizing what users could see. TraCSS capabilities impressed beta users, she said, largely because it was built new and applied the latest technology.

“It will be world leading,” Chang predicted—if the system survives the cuts.

This story was updated tat 10:53 EST July 10 to more accurately characterize the Space Force’s response to the pending budget proposal.

KC-46’s Refueling Boom Damaged While Refueling F-22s

July 8, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

A U.S. Air Force KC-46 tanker suffered damage to its boom while refueling F-22 Raptors off the coast of Virginia on July 8, Air & Space Forces Magazine has confirmed, with reported radio communication from the crew indicating the boom “detached.”

The aircraft, a Boeing KC-46 Pegasus from McConnell Air Force Base, Kan., declared an in-flight emergency and eventually diverted to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., a spokesperson for the 22nd Refueling Wing confirmed.

According to air traffic control audio, obtained and published by The War Zone, the crew radioed that “our boom has detached from the aircraft” and that they were running emergency checklists.

Public records and flight tracking data show that the aircraft involved in the incident is a six-year-old KC-46, serial number 17-46033, flying under the callsign FELL81.

The plane began its flight in Kansas and, after the incident, descended below 10,000 feet, and circled the airspace around Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., before flying to Seymour Johnson, according to flight tracking data and Air Force officials.

“A KC-46A Pegasus from McConnell Air Force Base declared an in-flight emergency July 8, while operating off the coast of the eastern United States, refueling F-22s,” John Van Winkle, a spokesperson for the 22nd Air Refueling Wing, confirmed. “The crew had to make the decision to land at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., and has landed safely there. The aircraft will remain there for the time being.”

Van Winkle said Air Force officials were still working to verify details surrounding the mishap and the extent of the damage to the aircraft.

“There was damage to the KC-46’s boom today,” Van Winkle added. “We’re letting the Safety Investigation work to determine the nature and causes of the in-flight emergency, and that will be a complete and methodical process looking at every conceivable aspect of the mission.”

The 1st Fighter Wing said the incident occurred while an F-22 was refueling from the KC-46.

“The F-22 Raptor returned and landed safely at Langley Air Force Base,” the wing said in a release.

A spokesperson for 1st Fighter Wing later later told Air & Space Forces Magazine it was also investigating the incident.

“Officials will determine the presence of any potential damage and assess its severity via thorough inspection,” they said.

An image provided to Air & Space Forces Magazine by a local aircraft photographer, X user enc_spotter, shows the tanker at Seymour Johnson with part of its boom missing.

The damaged KC-46 at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C. Image courtesy of enc_spotter.

The aircraft had flown two missions on July 7 without any reported difficulties, according to flight tracking data.

The KC-46, based on the commercial 767 airframe, has been plagued by issues since its introduction into the fleet, particularly with its refueling system. Boeing resumed deliveries of the aircraft in May after the Air Force halted acceptance of new planes for months due to cracks in the wings—an issue which Boeing and the Air Force say is now fixed.

A long-standing problem has been a so-called “stiff boom,” which prevents the aircraft from refueling the A-10 Thunderbolt II. Contractors and the Air Force are working on a redesigned actuator as a fix.

Another issue involves the aircraft’s Remote Vision System 2.0, an overhaul of the camera system boom operators use to guide the boom to receiving aircraft, which has been delayed until summer 2027. In its 2024 annual report, the Pentagon’s Office of the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation said the “KC-46A is not meeting many of its suitability metrics.”

This article was updated July 9 with comments from a spokesperson for the 1st Fighter Wing.